Gender, migration and development series working paper 1 feminization of international labour migration author. It is nonetheless true that in recent decades the number of women and men migrants has increased significantly in response to changing labor markets globally. For example, a recent surge of publications about women and migration is unable to answer the. Evidence from the philippines patricia cort es, boston universitysmg atlanta fed november 5, 2010 cort es children left behind.
Feminization of migration and trends in remittances. Moreover, as the number of immigrants rise in south korea, so too international marriages. I restrict the sample to women and men aged 1854 years. This point will be elaborated in the following paragraphs through the contribution of women migrant workers in the. I present descriptive statistics of the three datasets to give the reader an overview of the migration phenomenon in the philippines.
Women migrant workers from developing countries wikipedia. The term is misleading insofar as it suggests an absolute increase in the proportion of women. The feminization of migration had also produced specifically female forms of migration, such as the commercialized migration of domestic workers and caregivers, the migration and trafficking. The feminization of international migration and its e ects on the families left behind. Feminization of migration population reference bureau. The feminization of labor is a term used to describe the generally observed phenomenon of womens increased participation in labor markets worldwide since the 1980s. The increase in proportion of women migrant workers since the early twentieth century is often referred to as the feminization of migration.
The feminization of migration is a multidimensional phenomenon. Iza world of labor feminization of migration and trends. Reflections on domestic work and the feminization of migration. The history of subsaharan africa is marked by forced displacements of people both within and outside the. The phenomenon started during the 1960s with increasing shares over time. This trend is commonly referred to as the feminization of migration. I am very thankful to andrew morrison for excellent comments to early drafts of this paper.
Although the effect of remittances on economic growth is ambiguous, evidence shows that they have in general a povertyreducing effect. The sex ratio is the most widely used analytical category for the study of the relative numbers of males and females in populations. The international labour organization estimates that women are half of the global migrant population but in some countries account for 7080 percent of migrants. The feminization of migration for at least onehalf century women have made up the majority of internal migrants in latin america and the caribbean. Feminization of migration ticipation rates, as a percentage of all women, fluctuated between 20. The key to understanding the increased prominence of female migration is the evolving nature of gender relations across the spectrum as well as the critical role played by local, national, regional and transnational socioeconomic factors in creating the.
In the context of existing potential of manpower and the constraint to local employment opportunity, overseas employment is now considered. In recent years the term feminization of migration has become commonplace, even entering the public domain through media reports. Migration to south africa has also been accompanied by xenophobia and a violation of the rights of immigrants and immigrant workers in particular. Pdf the feminization of migration from tajikistan to. They are exploited and often sold into prostitution or. Pdf the feminization of international migration gloria. The feminization of international migration represents yet another explanation. Progress since the icpd was made possible with the generous. Feminization of migration and trends in remittances figure 1 shows that while female migrants have outnumbered their male counterparts in developed countries since 1980 a phenomenon that has been driven by female migration from developing countries, the share of female migrants residing in oecd countries has risen only slightly.
Feminisation of migration and the social dimensions of. The feminization of international migration invisibly and silently, a fundamental change is taking place in migration flows of poor but enterprising people on their way to what they hope is the promised land. According to castles and miller 1998, the feminization of international migration flows is among the five key trends of the new age of migration. Migration, gender equality and the 2030 agenda for. The phenomenon of feminisation of migration, however, is defined and understood. This article sketches a more nuanced understanding, noting that an uptick in female migration occurred far earlier. Pdf download for global changes and gendered responses. The feminization of international labor migration renate europe. Since the 1980s, the global economy has undergone a series of changes that have led to the feminization of migration. While frequently discussed, the feminization of migration remains among. This feminization of migration raises several key policy concerns about womens security and human rights in sending and destination countries.
Drawing on trends both globally and in specific countries, it shows that feminization is neither a new nor a sudden trend and entails variations depending on the origins, level of development and maturity of migration flows. The feminization of migration from tajikistan to russia. But how accurately does it reflect the changes taking place in the sex composition of migratory flows. World feminization of agriculture in the context of rural.
Driving the feminization of migration are global social and demographic trends in developed countries such as aging populations in general and the elderly in specific, and the growing number of women in paid labor over 50 percent overall, and close to 70 percent of women in some developed countries. The feminization of international migration flows can therefore have significant effects on the volume of remittances received by developing countries. Denise paiewonsky united nations international research and training institute for the advancement of women instraw cesar nicolas penson 102a santo domingo, dominican republic phone. Knowledge of female migration patterns is scant despite increased recognition and reporting of the feminization of internal migration hofmann and buckley 2012. Pdf this chapter explores the key historical drivers of womens migration from within both sending nations and receiving societies. First, structural adjustment programs in the global south led to major cuts in social spending and the privatization of public services, such as education and healthcare. In feminist economics, the feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of womens participation in the agricultural sector, particularly in the developing world. The authors examine global historical patterns of female migration in order to understand the causes and consequences of the migration gender balance, which varies considerably. Nurul islam introduction migration has become one of the primary concerns of various countries of the world.
Although migration for work is a more recent phenomenon for women than for men, the trend of feminization of migration is already evident. Despite the difficulties female migrants encounter in the labor market, their total. In some groups men were primomigrants and with a gradual feminization the flows reach a balanced sex ratio. African migration drivers of migration in africa october 2017 draft report.
The feminization of international migration and its. Depending on the context, the feminization of agriculture can increase womens empowerment. I start with census data to explore the observable differences between female migrants, male migrants, and nonmigrants, and how selection into migration has changed over the years see table 1. The feminisation of migration gives rise to specific problematic forms of migration, such as the commercialised migration of women and girls as domestic workers.
Feminization of migration and trends in remittances iza world of. Meeting the challenges of migration this publication, meeting the challenges of migration. In the 1990s, during liberalization, the phenomenon became more pronounced and negative effects appeared in the rural female population. The second factor contributing to the reversal or reduction of the feminisation trend are the policy changes directly affecting the deployment volume and the destination of female workers.
This chapter explores the key historical drivers of womens migration from within both sending nations and receiving societies. Feminization of phil migration copy migrant worker. Despite the increased presence of women in the global migration pattern, the contribution of women to the migrant labour force is an issue that has been largely overlooked or neglected in the subregion. Feminisation of migration according to pophiwa 2014, migration from africa has historically been a maledominated phenomenon, but the pattern has changed significantly in recent decades.
Feminisation of migration and the social dimensions of development. In korea, the number of international marriages started to rise in the 2000s. Children left the feminization of international migration. Is the feminization of international migration really on. Female migrants constitute more than half of all migrants worldwide and the trend of female migration outnumbers male migration, especially for workrelated migration. It also is the result of experience gathered by imp staff over the years in its work. Though migration in and of itself is not a risk to health in a world defined by profound disparities, it is a part of society, and governments must face the challenge of integrating the health needs of female migrants into national plans, policies, and strategies, taking into account their human rights, including their right to health. The feminization of migration is often presented in the literature as a new and universal phenomenon, going back a couple of decades and uniformly affecting all regions of the world. Feminization of phil migration copy free download as powerpoint presentation. Scholars have declared feminization to be a core dimension of the new age of international migration. The feminization of migration let us celebrate migrant caregivers contributions to israeli society and call on the israeli government to provide greater legal equality. There are both push and pull factors involved in the migration of women. Pdf on jan 1, 2007, amanda gouws and others published the feminization of migration find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate.